Coins of the Byzantine Empire

Alexandria

Under Heraclius the coinage of Alexandria discarded the profile-bust that had characterized the obverse design of its output throughout the Byzantine period, and replaced it with the full-frontal bust or standing figures of the solidii of the capital. The traditional denominations, based on units of six nummi, remained.

Æ dodecanummium of Alexandria, 613-618, 5.03g, 14mm, 170º.
Obv. (d)dNN hhЄRACUS; Facing busts of Heraclius, bearded on left, and Heraclius Constantine, beardless on right. Each wears chlamys and crown with cross.
Rev. Large IB, with cross potent between. In ex., AΛЄZ.
Berk 584, DOC 189, Sear 853

	Æ dodecanummium of Alexandria, 618-628, 17mm. Obv. Facing beardless bust of possibly Chosroes II of Persia, wearing cuirass and crown surmounted by simple cross; to left, star; to right, crescent. Rev. Large IB, with cross potent on globe between; in ex., AΛЄZ. Berk 856, DOC 191, Sear 855
This type is thought to have been minted during the Persian occupation of Alexandria between 618 and 628, and to depict the Persian shah, Chosroes II. The starand cresecent are frequent motifs on the Persian coinage, including that of Chosroes himself.

Æ dodecanummium of Alexandria, 632-641. Unearthed in Cyprus.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius in centre, with Heraclius Constantine on right and Heraclonas on left, standing facing, each wearing chlamys and holding globus cruciger in right hand. Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine wear crowns topped with crosses.
Rev. Large IB, with cross potent atop triangle between. In ex., AΛЄZ.
DOC 196, Sear 860

Æ hexanummium of Alexandria, 613-618. Unearthed in Cyprus.
Obv. dmhЄR ACLS; Cross potent on base above two steps.
Rev. Large S (S = 6).
DOC 198, Sear 862

Æ hexanummium of Alexandria, 629-641, 5.30g, 19mm, 170º.
Obv. Date Palm tree with fruit hanging from lower branches on either side.
Rev. Large S.
BMC 306-8, DOC 200, Sear 864

Footnote in DOC reads: "The date palm, while appropriate enough to Africa, has no other connection with Heraclius. H. Longuet ... proposed to attribute them to Carthage instead of Alexandria, since the palm tree was a traditional Carthaginian symbol and appears on 'Vandalic' coins and on a pentanummium of Maurice. But fabric and denomination are decisively in favor of Egypt." DOC goes on to say the dating of this type is uncertain. The large flan size leads Grierson to assume the issue follows the reform of year 20, but he concedes that it also might "correspond to the heavy dodecanummia assigned to the Persian invasion." The attribution to Alexandria seems to date back to Wroth. In the footnotes to his entry of this issue in the British Museum Catalogue he cites an earlier source which attributes these to Alexandria - with which he is in agreement - and to Justinian I. Whilst ceding that Justinian is the only other likely candidate, as he and Heraclius are the only emperors known to have issued this S denomination, Wroth argues that their heavy weight is more in line with the exceptional issues of Heraclius than the standardized low weight of Justinian.

Carthage

AV solidus of Carthage, 615-616, 4.43g, 14mm.
Obv. DNЄRALIOЄTЄRACONSTPP; Facing busts of Heraclius, with short beard, on left, and smaller, beardless Heraclius Constantine to right, each wearing crown and chlamys; between their heads, cross.
Rev. VICTORI AAVGGΔ; Cross potent on two steps above exergual line; in ex., CONOB. The Δ at the end of the inscription is the Indiction year.
DOC 206, Sear 867

AR ½ siliqua of Carthage, 614-641, 0.7g, 11.9mm, 180º.
Obv. DNЄRA(CLIOPPAV); Bust of Heraclius facing, beardless, wearing cuirass, paludamentum, and crown with pendilia and cross.
Rev. To left, bust of Heraclius Constantine wearing chlamys with tablion and crown with pendilia and cross, to right bust of Martina wearing robes and crown with long pendilia and cross, cross between heads.
DOC 233, Sear 871

This type continues the style of the siliqua struck at Carthage for Maurice's son, Theodosius. Their only real precedent seems the coins of Cherson of Justin II and Maurice's reign.

Æ ½ follis of Carthage, 610-641, 5.35g, 18mm, 270º. Obv. DNЄRAC LIOPPAV; Facing crowned bust of Heraclius, holding globus cruciger. Rev. Large XX with pellet between; to right, Є (signifying fifth indictional year); in ex., KRTζ. DOC 234, Sear 872
DOC states that the Є on the reverse here, which might be thought to signify the fifth indictional year, (614-615), is "a meaningless immobilization of datings used in earlier reigns".

	Æ ½ follis of Carthage, 610-641. Obv. (DNЄR) ACLIOPPAV; Helmeted, cuirassed and bearded bust facing, holding globus cruciger. Rev. Large X·X; above, cross; to left, star; to right, Є; in ex., KRTS. DOC 235, Sear 874
Wroth believed (and Sear sites) the Є to be an indictional indicator (indiction 5: 616/7 or 631/2), but Dumbarton Oaks says it is a meaningless copy from older coins. Since coins depicting Heraclius bearded and unbearded exist with "indictional" years 5 and 15, it would seem futile to attempt deduce any chronology from this symbol.

Æ decanummium of Carthage, 610-641, 3.6g, 16.5mm.
Obv. DNERAC LIOPPAVς; Beardless, helmeted bust facing, wearing cuirass.
Rev. Large X between N and M, both of which have pellets above and below; beneath, star; above, cross.
DOC 236, Sear 876

Æ pentanummium of Carthage, 610-641, 1.76g, 13mm.
Obv. DN(...); Helmeted and cuirassed facing bust
Rev. Large V, cross above; star and pellets each side, flanking.
DOC 239, Sear 880

Catania

The mint at Catania, Sicily appears to have closed have ceased production in year 19 (629).

Æ decanummium of Catania, 619-620.
Obv. (D)NЄRAC (LIVSPP)AVς; Crowned, draped and cuirassed bust facing, with short beard and holding globus cruciger.
Rev. Large I between A / N /N / O and regnal year X; in ex., mintmark CTA (presumably blundered CAT)
DOC v251, Sear v885

Æ decanummium of Catania, 625-626.
Obv. No legend. Crowned, draped and cuirassed busts facing of bearded Heraclius, on left, and beardless Constantine on right.
Rev. Large I between A / N / N / O and regnal year, X / ζ (16). In ex., CAT.
DOC 257, Sear 886

Æ pentanummium of Catania, 610-641, 1.65g, 12mm.
Obv. (DN)ЄRACvLIPPAVς; Diademed bust of Emperor, right, unbearded, (in contrast to Sear ref which has beard. DOC note mentions both types.)
Rev. Large V between two stars; in ex., CAT.
DOC 260 note, Sear v887 (bearded)

Constantinople

AV solidus of Constantinople, 610-613, officina Є, 4.48g, 22mm.
Obv. dNhЄRAClIy SPPA(VG); Draped and cuirassed, short-bearded bust facing, wearing plumed helmet and holding cross in right hand.
Rev. VICTORIA AVςyЄ; Cross potent on three steps; beneath, CONOB.
DOC 3b, Sear 731

AV solidus of Constantinople, c.616-625, officina Є, 4.41g, 22mm, 180º.
Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIySЄThЄRACONSTPPAVG; Facing busts of Heraclius and much smaller Heraclius Constantine, each wearing chlamys and simple crown with cross on circlet, Heraclius with short beard and Heraclius Constantine without, cross above their heads.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGVЄ; Cross potent on three steps. Mintmark CONOB in the exergue.
DOC 13d, Sear 738

AV solidus of Constantinople, c.626-629, officina I, 19mm.
Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIySЄThЄRACONSTPPAVG; Facing, bearded busts of Heraclius and slightly smaller Heraclius Constantine, each wearing chlamys and crown surmounted with cross; cross between their heads.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGYIK; Cross potent on three steps. Mintmark CONOB in the exergue.
DOC 24, Sear 747

AV solidus of Constantinople, 629-631, officina Z, 4.36g, 21mm.
Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIySЄτHЄRACONSTPPAV; Heraclius on left with long beard and whiskers. Heraclius Constantine on the right with slight beard and moustache.
Rev. VICTORIA AVςYZ; Cross potent on three steps; beneath, CONOB.
Berk 126, DOC 26g, Sear 749

AV solidus of Constantinople, c.636-637, officina S, 4.31g, 22mm.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius standing facing between Heraclonas and Heraclius Constantine, also standing facing, all wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGVS; Cross potent on three steps, monogram to the left of the cross, I to the right. The mintmark CONOB appears in the exergue.
DOC 38a, Sear 763

AV tremissis of Constantinople, 610-613, officina S, 1.47g, 17mm.
Obv. δNhЄRACLI ySτPPAV; Beardless, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. VICTORIAAVGUS; Cross potent; in ex., CONOB.
DOC 53c, Sear 786

AR hexagram of Constantinople, 615-638, 6.42g, 25mm, 175º.
Obv. (ddN)NhЄRACLIuS ЄτhЄRA CONSτ; Heraclius with short beard, on left, and Heraclius Constantine, beardless, on right, seated facing on double throne; each wears cross and chlamys, and holds globus cruciger in right hand; between their heads, U.
Rev. δЄuSA(δI)uτAROmANIS; Cross potent on globe above three steps; in field to right, K.
BMC 100, DOC 64, Sear 798

This reverse legend, "God help the Romans," was a battle cry - still in Latin - of the Imperial armies. This was the only non-ceremonial silver coinage issued in the capital at the time, and was initially struck from the melted down church silver donated by the Patriarch Sergios to help fend off the double threat of the Persians and Avars. The name of this denomination, the hexagram, is derived from its weight of just above six grams.

Æ follis of Constantinople, 612-613, officina Δ, 10.84g, 30mm, 160º. As usual with this issue, this piece is over struck on an, in this case unidentifiable, earlier coin.
Obv. (δNhRACLIVS P)ЄRPAVG; Cuirassed bust facing, bearded and wearing crown and holding globus cruciger and shield.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal indicator, I I / I; above, cross; beneath, officina number, Δ; in ex., C(ON).
DOC 71c, Sear 804

Æ follis of Constantinople, 613, officina Δ, 12.75g, 31.5mm, 350º. Crown of bust of understrike obverse visible at 90º on obverse. PAVG visible of understrike obverse at top of obverse. (AN)NO and year GIII of previous strike reverse visible on reverse.
Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIyS ЄτhЄRACONSτPPA; Heraclius, bearded on left, and Heraclius Constantine on right, standing facing, each wearing crown and chlamys, and holding globus cruciger in right hand. Between their heads, cross.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and II / I; above, chi-rho; beneath, officina number Δ; in ex., CON.
DOC 76d, Sear 805

Æ follis of Constantinople, 622-623, officina A, 6.54g, 27mm, 320º.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius, with Empress Martina, with pendilia, on left and Heraclius Constantine on right, all standing facing, each wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger in right hand. Crosses in fields to either side of Heraclius' head.
Rev. Large M surmounted by cross; to left, A / N / N / O; to right regnal indicator X / II / I; beneath, A; mintmark not visible.
DOC 93, Sear 806

Æ follis of Constantinople, 619-620, officina Γ, 7.03g, 25mm, 120º.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius, with Empress Martina, with pendilia, on right and Heraclius Constantine on left, all standing facing, each wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger in right hand.
Rev. Large M surmounted by cross; to left, A / N / N / O; regnal indicator X to right; beneath, officina letter Γ; in ex., CON.
DOC v92 (unlisted officina), Sear v807 (unlisted officina)

Æ follis of Constantinople, 626-627, officina A, 5.06g, 24mm, 350º. Obv. No inscription. Heraclius standing centre, with Heraclius Constantine to right and Martina to left. Each wears chlamys and crown and holds globus cruciger. Rev. Large M with cross above, A beneath; Sear monogram 23/4 to left; ANNO above; CON below; and regnal year X / ς / I to right. DOC 101a, Sear 808
This type of reverse, with the ANNO placed over the Greek M, is unique to Heraclius. (Though Phocas frequently placed the ANNO over the Roman numerals XXXX.)

Æ follis of Constantinople, 629-630, officina A, 9.51g, 31mm, 170º. Large module. Over struck on earlier coin, possibly of Heraclius' own reign.
Obv. Heraclius, with long beard and moustache in military dress and wearing crown, holds long cross and stands to right of short-bearded Heraclius Constantine, wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal indicator X / X; above, C surmounted by cross; beneath, officina number A; in ex., CON.
BN 57, DOC 105a, Ratto v1406, Sear 810

This class of follis was introduced in year twenty (629-630) and represented a serious effort to return the copper coinage to its weight, and hence value, at the beginning of the reign. The effort lasted through year twenty-one, after which the coins fell from a weight of 9-11g. to 6-8g. From year twenty-three until the class was retired in year thirty, the weight was reduced even further to approximately 4.5-6g. Even though her influence over Heraclius was undiminished, Martina was dropped from these coins, presumably to give greater prominence to Heraclius Constantine. The C beneath the + above the denominational mark likely represents (Heraclius) Constantine. The emperor himself being depicted in military attire is a presumed reference to his recent victories of the Persians, while the long cross he is holding is representative of the True Cross his campaign restored. These are frequently overstruck on earlier coins, often of Heraclius' own reign.

Æ follis of Constantinople, 639-640, officina Є, 6.23g, 25mm, 150º. Small module.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius, on left, and Heraclius Constantine, on right standing facing, with cross between their heads. Heraclius wears crown and military dress, and holds long cross, his son wears crown and chlamys, and holds globus cruciger.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and X / X / X above, Sear monogram 21; beneath, officina mark Є; in ex., CON.
DOC v115 (unlisted officina), Sear 810

This is a typical example of the small module, crude, and very common type of this issue.

	Æ follis of Constantinople, 640-641, officina Є, 5.06g, 25mm, 175º. Obv. Facing crowned figures of Heraclius, Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas, the emperor with long cross, long beard and moustache, and wearing military attire. Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal year X / X / X / I. Above, Sear monogram 21; beneath, officina letterr Є; in ex., CON. DOC 127b, Sear 811
This type of follis was only struck for a few months before the death of Heraclius early in 641. The Θ following the mintmark occurs frequently on this year for this type, the final months of Heraclius' reign.

Æ ¾ follis of Constantinople, 630-631, officina B, 7.55g, 26mm, 120º. Overstruck on earlier follis of Thessalonica.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine standing facing with cross between their heads. In field to left, Sear monogram 23; to right, small K.
Rev. Large Λ; to left, A / N / N / O; to right, regnal numerals X / X / I; beneath, officina number B; in ex., CO(N).
DOC v117b (only lists year 20), Sear v812 (unlisted officina for year)

The three quarter follis denomination was briefly revived as part of the failed monetary reform of 629-630. Nearly all examples are of year 20. This piece is a seemingly unpublished variant. Whilst Sear lists two officinas for year 21, (A and Γ), DOC lists none for that year, though citing the possibility of their existence.

Æ ½ follis of Constantinople, 610-611, officina B, 5.72g, 25mm, 180º.
Obv. Heraclius facing, bearded and with pendilia hanging from what looks to be an un-plumed crown, and holding globus cruciger in left hand.
Rev. Large K; to left, A / N / N / O; to right, regnal year I; beneath, B; above, cross.
DOC v72 (unlisted officina for year), Sear v813 (unlisted officina for year)

This first class of Heraclius’ half folles continues the style of Maurice, and as with those prior issues, the realms of guessing are often entered in assigned them to specific mints. Heraclius’ cuirass lacks the distinctive line of three pellets which would assign this piece to Cyzicus, or the plumed helmet and and horizontal lines across the cuirass of Nicomedia. (Though it is, by all accounts, frequently difficult to differentiate between Constantinople and Nicomedia on these issues.)

Æ ½ follis of Constantinople, 629-630, officina A, 6.12g, 24mm, 135º.
Obv. Heraclius in military dress standing beside Heraclius Constantine with star between their heads.
Rev. Large K between A / N / N / O and regnal year XX; above, cross; beneath, officina number, A.
DOC 118a, Sear 815

Æ decanummium of Constantinople, 617-618.
Obv. dNHЄRACLIySPPAVG; Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, beardless.
Rev. Large X, with cross above; to right regnal year UI / II.
DOC 97, Sear 818

Cyprus

Æ follis of Cyprus, 626-627, officina Γ, 4.29g, 26mm, 180º.
Obv. Heraclius in centre, with Heraclius Constantine on right and Martina, with pendilia and loops, on left, all standing facing; each wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger in right hand.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal year X / V / II; above, Sear monogram 23; beneath, "officina" number Γ; in ex., blundered KVΠP (blundered).
DOC 184, Sear 849

The officina Γ seen on these Cypriot coins is not considered a real officina by DO, as officinas A and B are never seen on coins from the mint (though these coins were frequently copied in the newly Arab regions, where the officina mark is other than Γ.) The Γ is considered copied from some model, and having no meaning in its own right. "These distinctive imitative folles from "Cyprus" and "Constantinople" mints were probably struck in Syria during the campaign against the Persians in the 620s, when disordered conditions led to the production of local coinages. Although relatively scarce today, they must have been struck in vast quantities; it is rare to find a die match with a published specimen." CNG 66 (May 2004) catalogue.

Cyzicus

The history and style of the Cyzicus mint runs a similiar line to nearby Nicomedia. During the reign of Heraclius both mints had only sporadic production, due to the Persian advance through Asia Minor, though Cyzicus appears to have been affected first. Coins were produced between years one and five (610-615) and sixteen to nineteen (625-629).

Æ follis of Cyzicus, 612-613, officina B, 10.37g, 33mm.
Obv. dNhRACLI PЄRPAVG; Bust facing, wearing studded cuirass, plumed helmet and holding globus cruciger, shield at left shoulder.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal year III; above, cross; beneath, officina number B; in ex., KYZ.
Berk 567, DOC 169b, Sear 839

Æ follis of Cyzicus, 612-613, officina B. Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIySЄτhRA(CONSτPPAV); Heraclius, bearded on left, and Heraclius Constantine on right, standing facing, each wearing crown and chlamys, and holding globus cruciger in right hand. Between their heads, cross. Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and III; above, cross; beneath, officina number B; in ex., KYZ. DOC 175b, Sear 840
This type features a very dwarvish Heraclius Constantine, though as he was only a year or two old at this time, this is perhaps only highlighting his extrement youth. He was crowned co-emperor in 613.

Æ follis of Cyzicus, 627-628, officina A. Unearthed in Cyprus.
Obv. No legend; Heraclius in centre, with Heraclius Constantine on right and the Empress Martina on left, all standing facing, each wearing crown and chlamys and holding globus cruciger in right hand.
Rev. Large M with Sear monogram 26 to left; above, ANNO and cross; to right, regnal indicator X / yI / II (18); beneath, officina number A; beneath, KYZ, without exergual line.
Berk 569, DOC 177, Sear 841

Isaura

Isaura, modern Zengibar Kalesi in the Cilician Mountains, appears to have been active only during regnal year 8 (617-18). It was presumably a military mint established for the eastern campaign. Sear notes, Heraclian bronzes of Isaura are generally (probably always) overstruck on those of earlier reigns and Harlan Berk notes the coins for all dies at cut at Isaura were the work of a single die cutter.

Æ follis of Isaura, 617-618, officina A, 11.13g, 32mm, 250º.
Obv. J(JNh)ЄRACCЄhRA; Facing busts of Heraclius, on left, and Heraclius Constantine, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross; between their heads, cross.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal ς / II; above, cross; beneath, A; in ex., (I)SAYR.
BMC 267, DOC 183, Sear 848

Jerusalem

AV solidus of Jerusalem, 610, officina IΠ, 4.48g, 20.5mm. Holed at 11 o’clock.
Obv. dNhЄRACLI ySPPAVG; Bust of Heraclius looking like Phocas with legend of Heraclius.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGIΠ; Angel standing facing, holding staff surmounted by Chi-Rho and globus cruciger; in exergue, CONOB.
BMC 1 (Constantinople), DOC 186 (Alexandria), MIB 76 (Cyprus), Sear 850

It is generally presumed (Wroth, etc.) that this very rare, very first issue of the reign was rushed out by the mint before they had received any instructions, or likeness of the new emperor. DOC raises the interesting possibility that perhaps Heraclius initially wore the same style of pointed beard as his predecessor and changed style to differentiate himself. "Recent evidence has cast doubt upon the attribution by S. Bendall and M. F. Hendy of this and the later solidi, SB 852-852A, to the mint of Jerusalem. It is clearly an issue of a subsidiary mint in the east, but no definitive conclusion can be drawn as regards to place and date of origin. Nevertheless, the use of a Phocas portrait for this type, unique for a Heraclius solidus, could point to it being struck near the end of the revolt of Heraclius (circa 610 AD), when Heraclius had been proclaimed emperor, but with a formal imperial imago yet to be prepared. This unknown subsidiary mint, signed I, IX, or IP, struck solidi to pay eastern troops loyal to Heraclius, and apparently operated sporadically as a replacement for the mint of Antioch, which had been shut down by Heraclius in 610 AD. The (IP) mint itself disappears shortly after the Sasanian invasion of the eastern provinces in 614 AD." - CNG Triton VII Catalogue (12 Jan 2004) According to Glen Woods byzantinecoins.com site, there are only 10 to 20 of this type known.

AV solidus of Jerusalem, 613-618, officina IX, 4.43g, 22.5mm, 135º.
Obv. ddNNhЄRACLIyS ЄτhЄR(ACONSτP); Facing busts of Heraclius, with short beard, on left, and smaller, beardless Heraclius Constantine to right, each wearing crown and chlamys; between their heads, cross.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGYIX; Cross potent on three steps above CONOB.
DOC 188 (Alexandria), Sear 852

The attribution to Jerusalem for this type, with the squat figures of Heraclius and his son, is made by Bendall and Hendy, and backed by Sear. DOC, published before Bendall and Hendy's thesis, attributes this type to Alexandria, whilst Hahn gives it to Cyprus. Grierson, in DOC, says he is merely following Bellinger in assigning them to Alexandria. Though he himself claims to doubt this attribution, he begs off by saying he has no better solution to offer. The type seen here, with the reverse inscription ending IX is the type most strongly associated with Jerusalem. "Bendall, in his recent article on the "Jerusalem" coinage, concludes the evidence is against the Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine solidi being struck at that city. Site finds suggest a mint in either Egypt or northern Syria, with the latter being more probable. These solidi belong in the same category as the bronze issues of Seleucia Isauria and Isaura, being the products of temporary military mints supporting the army as it advances against the Persian occupiers of Byzantine Syria and the east." CNG Triton VIII catalogue, Nov 2004

Nicomedia

Modern Izmit, Turkey

Æ follis of Nicomedia, 612-613, officina A, 13.46g. dNHЄRAC (...)
Obv. Bust facing, wearing cuirass and crown surmounted by cross and holding globus cruciger.
Rev. Large M; beneath, officina number A; to left, A / N / N / O; to right, regnal indicator II / I; in ex., NIKO.
BN 3, DOC 155a, MIB 174, Sear 833

Æ follis of Nicomedia, 612-613, officina B, 9.92g, 28mm, 120º.
Obv. Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine stand facing, each wearing chlamys and crown. In right hand, each holds a globus cruciger. Between their heads, a cross.
Rev. Large M; above, cross; to left, A / N / N / O; to right, II / I; beneath, B; in ex., NIKO.
DOC 158b, Sear 834

Æ follis of Nicomedia, 615-616, officina A. Wreathed border of understrike visible.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius in centre, with Heraclius Constantine on right and Martina on left, all standing facing. Each wears crown and chlamys and holds globus cruciger in right hand.
Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal year S / II; above, cross; beneath, officina numeral A; in ex., NIKO.
DOC v162 (unlisted officina for year), Sear 835

Æ follis of Nicomedia, 625-626, officina B.
Obv. No legend. Heraclius in centre with Heraclius Constantine on right and Martina on left, all standing facing, and wearing crown and chlamys with globus cruciger in right hand.
Rev. Large M; to left, Sear monogram 23; above, ANNO and cross; to right, regnal year Xς (16); beneath, officina number B; in ex., NIKO.
Berk 560, DOC v165 (unlisted officina), Sear 836

Ravenna

AV solidus of Ravenna, 613-629, officina H, 4.36g, 20.5mm, 180º.
Obv. DDNNHЄRACLIVSЄTHЄRACONSI; Facing busts of short-bearded Heraclius on left, and beardless Heraclius Constantine on right, each wearing crown, paludamentum and cuirass; between their heads, cross. Heavy annular border.
Rev. VICTORI AAVGGGH; Cross potent on three steps (four is the more common version); beneath, CONOB. Border as obverse.
BMC 426, DOC v271 (three steps not listed for off H), Grierson 550, Ratto 1382, Sear 896

AR ¼ siliqua of Ravenna, 610-641, 0.35g, 11mm.
Obv. DNЄRACL IVSPAG; Diademed and draped bust right.
Rev. Cross potent in wreath.
DOC 281, Sear 907

Æ ½ follis of Ravenna, 631-632, 4.28g.
Obv. Heraclius, Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas standing facing.
Rev. Large K between A / N / N / O and regnal year XX / III; above, cross; beneath, RAV.
DOC 308, Sear 923

Rome

Æ ½ follis of Rome, 613-c.620.
Obv. Facing busts of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, both beardless and both wearing crown and chlamys; between their heads, a cross.
Rev. Large XX; above, cross; in ex., ROM.
DOC 261, Sear 889

Æ ½ follis of Rome, 622-623.
Obv. Facing busts of Heraclius with Heraclius Constantine on right and Martina on left, each wearing crown and chlamys.
Rev. Large K; to left, A / N / N; above X (part of the regnal numeral); to right, III, (remaining part of regnal year); in ex., ROM.
DOC 264, Ratto 1502-3, Sear 891

Seleucia Isauriae

Modern Silifke, Turkey, on the southern coast of Asia Minor, due north of Famagusta, Cyprus.

Æ follis of Seleucia Isauriae, 616-617, officina A, 8.17g, 28.5mm, 190º. Struck off-centre.
Obv. Incomplete blundered legend. Facing busts of Heraclius on left and smaller Heraclius Constantine, each wearing crown with cross and chlamys. Cross between their heads.
Rev. Large M, with officina mark A beneath middle. To left, (A / N / N / O); to right, regnal year ς / I (7). Above (chi-rho). In exergue, mint mark (SЄLI)Sy.
Berk 574, BMC 274a (Antioch), DOC 180, Sabatier 67 (Ephesus), Sear 844

Whilst noting their stylistic similiarity to the Isauria mint, Wroth believes the mintmark here to be a "blundered reproduction" of τHЄUPI, calling Sabatier's SЄPSYS reading of the mintmark to indicate a mint at Ephesus "far from probable".

Æ follis of Seleucia Isauriae, 616-617, officina A, 10.60g, 31mm, 170º.
Obv. Blundered legend. Heraclius on left, holding globus cruciger, and Heraclius Constantine on right standing facing; cross between.
Rev. Large M, Christogram above, A / N / N / (O) to left, date to right; beneath, A; in ex., (SЄL)ISU.
DOC 181a, MIB 193, Sear 845

Æ ½ follis of Seleucia Isauriae, 616-617, officina A, 4.02g, 23mm, 200º.
Obv. Incomplete blundered legend. Facing busts of Heraclius on left and smaller Heraclius Constantine, each wearing crown with cross and chlamys. Cross between their heads.
Rev. Large K, with officina mark A beneath; to left, A / N / N / O; to right, regnal year ςI; above cross; below (no exergual line), mint mark (S)ЄL'.
DOC 182a, Sear 846

Sicily

Æ follis of Sicily, c. 620. Countermarked follis of Justinian, of Cyzicus (presuming from layout of regnal figures), of 545-546, officina A, larger type (SB 207, DOC 171a).
Obv. Countermark of Heraclius' bearded bust facing. He wears cuirass. To right, monogram (Sear 22), stamped over upper part of Justinian's portrait, obscuring top of head and inscription.
Rev. SCLS under bar within oval punched over mintmark of original coin.
DOC v241, Sear v882

DO says that this countermark is found, "with only rare exceptions", of which the coin here is an example, on folles of Constantinople from between 498-539 with profile busts. These coins had probably arrived in Sicily some eight-five years before with Belasarius' troops in 535 and never been withdrawn from circulation. Since the coin here was not struck until ten years after Belasarius' campaign (and is not from the capital's mint,) it must have its own story. The dies are thought to have been made at Catania, whilst the actual punching of the countermarks was done locally.

Æ follis of Sicily, c. 631. Overstruck on a Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine follis of Constantinople, type SB 810, with visible regnal year X / X / I and officina D.
Obv. SCL, under bar, within oval punch stamped over lower part of standing figures on the original coin.
Rev. Facing busts of Heraclius, on left, with short beard, and beardless Heraclius Constantine on right, each wearing crown and chlamys, all within oval punch stamped over middle part of the M on the original coin.
DOC 242, Sear 883

Æ follis of Sicily, 632-641, 7.33g. AE follis of Constantinople countermarked for use in Sicily, 632-641, 7.33g. Overstruck on follis of Constantinople, 631-2, countermarked on both reverse and obverse. Reverse, upper part of M still visible and regnal year X / X / II. (looks to be SB 810.)
Obv. Within oval punch stamped on previous coin: facing busts of Heraclius on left, with long beard and Heraclius Constantine with short beard. Each wears crown and chlamys. Between their heads, a cross.
Rev. Oval punch stamped on reverse, containing Sear monogram 22 and SCs.
Berk 610, DOC 243, MIB Plate 18 KM6, Sear 884

Thessalonica

Though primarily a source of ½ folles during the 6th century, during the 7th Thessalonica's production overwhelmingly consisted of full folles. The mintmark was also Grecianized from TЄS to ΘЄS.

	Æ follis of Thessalonica, 623-624, officina B, 8.22g, 24mm, 0º. Only the last letter of the mintmark is visible, and then curiously in centre. Obv. Heraclius in centre, Heraclius Constantine on right, and Martina on left, stand facing. Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and regnal indicator X / II / II; cross above and officina number B below; in ex., (ΘЄ)C. DOC 146, Sear 825
Like the Γ on Heraclius' coins of Cyprus, the officina mark B on the coins of Thessalonica appears to have no meaning in its own right, being probably copied from some model. Were it otherwise, coins of officina A would most probably be known.

Æ ½ follis of Thessalonica, 610-611, 4.92g, 20.3mm, 185º. Obv. Blundered legend. Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust of Heraclius facing, with short beard, holding globus cruciger. Rev. Large XX with dot between; above, cross; regnal year I at right; TЄS in exergue. DOC 131, MIB 225, Ratto 1302, Sear 828
It is curious to note that the 1/2 folles of this mint continued with the Latin numbering - XX - on the reverse for the first three years of Heraclius' reign before switching over to the Greek K.

Æ ½ follis of Thessalonica, 614-615.
Obv. dNhЄRACLIySPPAVG; Heraclius and very short Heraclius Constantine standing facing.
Rev. Large K between A / N / N / O and regnal indicator U; in ex., ΘЄC.
DOC 145, Sear 830

Æ follis of Alexandretta, 610, officina A, 8.75g, 30mm, 185º. Obv. δmNЄR(ACLI)OCONSULII; Facing busts of Heraclius, on left, and his father, the Exarch Heraclius, on right; both are bearded and bare-headed wearing consular robes; between their heads, cross. Rev. Large M between A / N / N / O and X / IIII; above, cross; beneath A; in ex, (AΛЄXA)NΔ. DOC 16, MIB 16a (Alexandria), Sear 722
Alexandretta is the modern Iskenderun, in southern Turkey, close to the Syrian border and about thirty miles north of Antioch (modern Antakya).